Magnetic susceptibility and chromaticity data of the Oligocene Baiyanghe Formation in the southern margin of the Jiuxi Basin on the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. The data are experimental data. The average sampling interval in the field is 1m, and a total of 437 pieces of magnetic susceptibility and chromaticity data were obtained. Magnetic susceptibility data was measured with a Bartington MS-2 portable magnetic susceptibility meter; chromaticity data was measured with a Konica Minolta CM-700 spectrophotometer. Sample collection, pre-processing and experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with strict standards, and the quality of the data obtained was reliable. The results show that the magnetic susceptibility and chromaticity values in the lower part of Baiyanghe Formation have consistent and obvious changes. Combined with the variation characteristics of the strata sedimentary facies in the profile, it is believed that a climate change event occurred in the early Baiyanghe Formation in the southern margin of the Jiuxi Basin. A large number of previous studies on stratigraphy, sedimentology and thermochronology revealed that there were no obvious tectonic events in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau during this period, indicating that the climate change events in this area may be caused by regional climate changes. The climate information reflected by the magnetic susceptibility and chromaticity data of the Baiyanghe Formation in the southern margin of the Jiuxi Basin can provide data support for the study of the paleoclimate in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau.
DAI Shuang
1) Data content: Element content and carbon and oxygen isotope analysis are important indexes for Miocene paleoclimate reconstruction in Tarim Basin 2) Data sources and processing methods Iron content: 4g samples were placed in vibration mill, grinding to less than 200 mesh, the samples were pressed in boric acid with hydraulic press, and finally measured in X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Isotope: The sample is dried at 40℃, then refined to less than 200 mesh, and reacts with 100% phosphoric acid to release CO2 gas in a gas source isophase mass spectrometer. 3) Data quality Sample collection and experimental processing were carried out in accordance with strict standards, and the data obtained were of reliable quality. 4) Data application achievements and prospects Published one SCI paper with this plan.
NIE Junsheng
Past vegetation and climate investigations using the pollen assemblages archived in various sediments have been performed for more than one century, hitherto, pollen is the most suitable proxy in reconstruction for the spatial-temporal patterns of past vegetation and climate at centennial- and global-scale, and a taxonomically harmonized and temporally standardized fossil pollen dataset is essential for these reconstructions. Following pollen data collection, taxonomic homogenization, and age–depth model revision, the pollen spectra were interpolated at a 100-year resolution, and the Holocene fossil pollen dataset was established for China. The Holocene pollen dataset includes 254 pollen spectra and 217 pollen taxa. Although the density of available pollen records is higher in the forest-steppe transition-zone, available pollen records are well distributed over all main vegetation types and climatic zones of China. The temporal range of the dataset covers the Holocene (from 11.5 to 0 cal. ka BP), with abundant pollen sites available between 8 and 2 cal ka BP. The Holocene pollen dataset is relative to the literature: Cao, X., Tian, F., Herzschuh, U., Ni, J., Xu, Q., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Luo, M., Chen, F., 2022. Human activities have reduced plant diversity in eastern China over the last two millennia, Global Change Biology (accepted). More detail on processing is provided in this literature.
CAO Xianyong, TIAN Fang, NI Jian, HERZSCHUH Ulrike
Modern pollen dataset is essential for investigating the relationships between pollen and vegetation and climate, and for the pollen-based past vegetation and climate quantitative reconstructions. Asia has various landform types, climate systems and vegetation types, however, researches on pollen modern processes in Asia are generally restricted at regional scale, hitherto, an entire modern pollen dataset absent in Asia. Based on previous pollen data collection and modern pollen analysis (for special regions), authors have established a modern pollen dataset for Asia initially. The modern pollen dataset including 9165 sampling sites with 245 pollen taxa (at genus and family level), covering evenly the most of parts of Asia. This modern pollen dataset can be utilized in pollen-based past vegetation and climate reconstructions at board spatial-scale, and in reliability assessing for vegetation and climate models. The modern pollen dataset is relative to the literature: Cao, X., Tian, F., Herzschuh, U., Ni, J., Xu, Q., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Luo, M., Chen, F., 2022. Human activities have reduced plant diversity in eastern China over the last two millennia, Global Change Biology (accepted). More detail on processing is provided in this literature.
CAO Xianyong, TIAN Fang, XU Qinghai , NI Jian, HERZSCHUH Ulrike
Understanding the modern relationships between pollen and vegetation, climate, and human land-use completely, is essential for quantitative reconstructions of past vegetation, climate and human impacts. supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Program, we have collected more than 700 surface-soil samples together with detail vegetation survey. Hitherto, pollen analysis of 318 samples have been completed, and the submitted modern pollen dataset includes the pollen percentages of 24 common taxa, the sampling sites of the dataset cover the all vegetation types on the east and central Tibetan Plateau. The dataset can be utilized in establishment for pollen-climate, pollen-vegetation calibration-sets.
CAO Xianyong
1) Data content: The paleomagnetic data can establish the paleomagnetic time frame of huatougou section, and the grain size, magnetic indexes and geochemical indexes can restore the climate change in geological history. 2) Data sources and processing methods Data sources are experimental data. Paleomagnetic data: 2x2x2 cm cylindrical samples were drilled with a small gasoline drill and measured in a magnetic shielding chamber with a cryogenic superconducting magnetometer. Magnetic data: The samples collected in the field were ground into fine particles in a 2x2x2 non-magnetic plastic box with a mortar, and tested with a Kapobridge magnetometer, pulse magnetometer and rotary magnetometer. Grain size data: Analysis of decomposed samples using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. Prior to analysis, organic matter was removed with hot hydrogen peroxide and then carbonate was removed with hydrochloric acid in accordance with standard Procedures of Lanzhou University. Geochemical data: Take a small amount of samples to be pounded with agate mortar and ground into powder, and then sieve with a 200-mesh sieve to ensure that the samples meet test standards. After all the samples were ground and sifted, the samples were placed lightly in the groove of the slide and scraped to be flush with the surrounding slide. A PANalytical X 'Pert Pro MPD Polycrystal X-ray diffractometer was used as the test instrument. 3) Data quality Sample collection and experimental processing were carried out in accordance with strict standards, and the data obtained were of reliable quality. 4) Data application achievements and prospects Two SCI papers were published using these data, one of which was Ni.
NIE Junsheng
The Cenozoic strata developed within and around the Tibetan Plateau, contain fruitful information on the tectonic evolution, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate changes. It's very significant on revealing the history of the uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau and its relevant effects on the regional and even global environment and climate. This data set contains several well developed sections, which have been identified by the systematic geological survey. Depending on the tools (e.g. GPS, geological compass) in the fieldwork, we have finished the geological measurements and descriptions of these sections as well as the relevant geological maps. It includes a 90-m loess deposit of the Duikang section in the Linxia basin, several fluvial and lacustrine deposits (such as the 1890-m Dayu section in the Lunpola basin, the 300-m Shuanghe section in the Jianchuan basin, the 252-m Caijiachong section in the Qujing basin) and a 932-m saline lacustrine deposit with gypsolyte of the Jiangcheng section in the Simao basin. This data set provides a solid geological foundation for the following researches on stratigraphic chronology, tectonic evolution, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate, and so forth.
FANG Xiaomin , FANG Xiaomin, YAN Maodu, ZHANG Weilin, ZHANG Dawen
1) Data content: Paleomagnetic data can establish paleomagnetic time frame, magnetic and geochemical indicators can restore the climate change in geological history, and heavy mineral analysis can be used to trace provenance. 2) Data sources and processing methods Data sources are experimental data. Magnetic data: The samples collected in the field were ground into fine particles in a 2x2x2 non-magnetic plastic box with a mortar, and tested with a Kapobridge magnetometer, pulse magnetometer and rotary magnetometer. Carbon isotope data: The samples were dried at 40℃, then studied to less than 200 mesh, and reacted with 100% phosphoric acid to release CO2 gas in a gas source isophase mass spectrometer. Grain size data: Analysis of decomposed samples using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. Prior to analysis, organic matter was removed with hot hydrogen peroxide and then carbonate was removed with hydrochloric acid in accordance with standard Procedures of Lanzhou University. 3) Data quality Sample collection and experimental processing were carried out in accordance with strict standards, and the data obtained were of reliable quality. 4) Data application achievements and prospects One SCI paper was published using the data, which was Ni.
NIE Junsheng
Paleoecological and paleolimnological studies can provide a long-term perspective on changes in environmental and ecosystem processes. The sediments documented both direct and indirect impacts of climate change and human activities on aquatic ecosystems. The fossils of zooplankton remain and pigments in lake sediments can reflect community structure changes of primary producers and primary consumers. The authors reconstructed the zooplankton and algal community changes during the past 600 years using carapaces of A. tibetiana and resting eggs of D. tibetana and pigments from the sediments of Dagze Co, in the central Tibet Plateau. Using total nitrogen and total phosphorus reconstructed the nutrient changes. These results suggest that algal community structure and changes in production can be attributed to alterations in the zooplankton community, with important implications for Tibetan aquatic ecosystems.
LIANG Jie LIANG Jie
This data set consists of tree ring carbon and oxygen data in East Asian monsoon region and Qilian Mountain region of China. Tree rings in Qilian mountain area include 4 tree cores, the tree species is Sabina przewalskii, and the measured isotopic data is 921. Cellulose was extracted from tree ring logs by chemical treatment, and the obtained cellulose samples were wrapped in a silver cup. The isotopic ratio was measured by Delta V advantage stable isotope mass spectrometer, and the analysis error was less than 0.21 ‰. The experimental analysis was completed in the laboratory of soil structure and minerals, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This data has certain significance for the study of paleoclimate in East Asian monsoon region.
XU Chenxi
Mercury is a global pollutant.The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is adjacent to South Asia, which currently has the highest atmospheric mercury emissions, and could be affected by long-distance transport.The history of atmospheric mercury transport and deposition can be well reconstructed using ice cores and lake cores. The history of atmospheric mercury deposition since the industrial revolution was reconstructed based on 8 lake cores and 1 ice core from the Tibetan Plateau and the southern slope of the Himalayas.This data set contains 8 lake core data from Namtso, Bangongtso, Linggatso, Guanyong Lake, Tanggula Lake, Gosainkunda Lake, Gokyo Lake and Phewa Lake, and 1 ice core data .The resolution of ice core data is 1 year, lake core data is 2~20 years, and the data include mercury concentration and flux.
KANG Shichang
This data set is composed of tree ring width data of Qilian Mountain region of China in East Asian monsoon region . The tree rings in Qilian mountain contain 52 tree cores, which have 17081 values, the measurement accuracy is 0.01mm, and the tree species is Qilian juniper. The tree ring width was measured by lintab 6 tree ring analyzer, and the cross dating is checked by coffcha program to guarantee that the accuracy of the dating. The experiment analysis was performed in the laboratory of soil structure and minerals, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This data has certain significance for the study of paleoclimate in the edge of East Asian monsoon region .
XU Chenxi
Based on the analysis of brgdgts and hydrogen isotopes of leaf wax in lake sediments from Tengchong Qinghai (tcqh) in Yunnan Province, this study shows for the first time the high-resolution annual average temperature change history of low latitude land since the last glacial period (since the last 88000 years). According to the annual average temperature of South Asia established by tcqh core, there are two warm periods of 88000-71000 years and 45000-22000 years in this region, and the temperature range is about 2-3 ° C. Since the Holocene, the temperature has been increasing for about 1-2 years ° C。
ZHAO Cheng
The fluctuation of a single lake level is a comprehensive reflection of water balance within the basin, while the regional consistent fluctuations of lake level can indicate the change of regional effective moisture. Previous researches were mainly focused on reconstructing effective moisture by multiproxy analyses of lake sediments, but lacked the quantitative studies on regional effective moisture variation. This dataset exhibits the Holocene effective moisture change in typical lake regions of the Tibetan Plateau and East and Central Asia, including Qinghai Lake, Chen Co, Bangong Co, etc., by constructing a virtual lake system, based on a lake energy balance model, a lake water balance model and a transient climate evolution model. The simulation results provide a new perspective for exploring the evolution of lakes on the millennial scale.
LI Yu
The Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model was developed by Sugita (2007) to correct for bias due to inter-taxonomic differences in pollen productivity and dispersion and estimate plant cover at a regional spatial scale based on pollen records. We provide the dataset of pollen-based REVEALS reconstruction for temperate and northern sub-tropical China over the Holocene. The REVEALS reconstruction was achieved using 94 selected pollen records from lakes and bogs at a 1˚x1˚ spatial scale and a temporal resolution of 500 years between 11.7 and 0.7 ka BP, and three recent time windows (0.7˗0.35 ka BP, 0.35˗0.1 ka BP, and 0.1 ka BP˗present). The dataset of pollen-based REVEALS reconstruction of Holocene plant cover for the study region includes the REVEALS proportions of plant cover (and related SEs) for 75 1˚x 1˚grid cells and 25 time windows for each grid cell for 27 taxa, two alternatives of aggregation of plant taxa to PFTs: ten PFTs and six PFTs, and three land-cover types. The metadata files providing details on the sites used in the REVEALS reconstruction for each grid cell and each time window. For instance, the original site names, modern vegetation zones, geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude in decimal degrees), elevation in meters above sea level, site types (bog or lake), basin sizes (radius and area), number of 14C radiocarbon dates or other types of dates, approximate temporal extent of the site. The dataset is suitable for palaeoclimate modeling, can be applied also in evaluating simulations of past vegetation from dynamic vegetation models and anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) scenarios.
LI Furong
Data set contains tree age of trees growing at different glacier moraines in the central Himalayas. The data were obtained using tree ring samples. Cores samples were collected (almost near to the ground level to estimate the minimum age of the related moraine) using an increment borer. Samples were processed by using standard dendrochronological techniques.
SIGDEL Shalik Ram, ZHNAG Hui, ZHU Haifeng, SHER Muhammad, LIANG Eryuan
Data content: Standard ring-width chronology derived from Wilson juniper shrub around the northern shore of the Nam Co Lake; May-June SZI (Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index) drought reconstruction for the Nam Co region. Time span: 1605 to 2010. Temporal resolution: Yearly. Application and prospects: Hydroclimate study on the south-central Tibetan Plateau.
LU Xiaoming, HUANG Ru, WANG Yafeng, ZHANG Baoqing, ZHU Haifeng, CAMARERO J. Julio, LIANG Eryuan
Relationship between modern pollen and climate, and its representative to vegetation are the important references in explaining and reconstructing past climate and vegetation qualitatively or quantitatively. To extrct past climate and vegetation signals from fossil pollen spectrum of a lacustrine sediment, a corresponding modern pollen dataset collected from lake-sediment surface is necessary. At present, there are a few modern pollen datasets extracted from lake sediment-surface established on the Tibetan Plateau, however, the geographic gaps (e.g. the central and east Tibetan Plateau) of available sampled lakes influence the correct understanding. To ensure the even distribution of the representative lakes, we collected lake sediment-surface samples (n=117) covering the alpine meadow evenly on the east and central Tibetan Plateau, in July and August 2018. For pollen extraction, approximately 10 g (wet original sediment) per sample were sub-sampled. Pollen sample was processed by the standard acid-alkali-acid procedures followed by 7-μm-mesh sieving. More than 500 terrestrial pollen grains were counted for each sample. Pollen assemblages of the dataset from alpine meadow are dominated by Cyperaceae (mean is 68.4%, maximum is 95.9%), with other herbaceous pollen taxa as commen taxa including Poaceae (mean is 10.3%, maximum is 87.7%), Ranunculaceae (mean is 4.8%, maximum is 33.6%), Artemisia (mean is 3.7%, maximum is 24.5%), Asteraceae (mean is 2.1%, maximum is 33.6%), etc. Salix (mean is 0.4%, maximum is 5.3%) is the major shrub taxon in these pollen assemblages, while arboreal taxa occur with low percentages generally (mean of total arboreal percentages is 0.9% (maximum is 5.8%), including mainly Pinus (mean is 0.3%, maximum is 1.8%), Betula (mean is 0.1%, maximum is 0.9%) and Alnus (mean is 0.1%, maximum is 0.7%). These pollen assemblages represent the plant components well in the alpine meadow communities, although they are influenced slightly by long-distance pollen grain transported by wind or river (such as these arboreal pollen taxa). Together with pollen counts and percentages, we also provided the modern climatic data for the sampled lakes. The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD; gridded near-surface meteorological dataset) with a temporal resolution of three hours and a spatial resolution of 0.1° was employed, and the climatic data of the nearest pixel of one sampled lake was defined to represent climatic conditions of the lake. Finally, the mean annual precipitation (Pann), mean annual temperature (Tann) and mean temperature of the coldest month (Mtco) and warmest month (Mtwa) are calculated for each sampled lake.
CAO Xianyong, TIAN Fang, LI Kai, NI Jian
The data set of ice core-snow black carbon content on the Tibetan plateau (1950-2006) contains five (5) tables: 1 Xu et al. 2006 AG, 2 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_Conc., 3 Xu et al. 2009 PNAS_flux, 4 Xu et al. 2012 ERL, 5 Wang et al. 2015 ACP. The data collection sites include the Meikuang glacier, Dongkemadi, Qiangyong, Kangwure, Naimona’nyi, Muztagata, Rongbuk, Tanggula Mountain, Ningjin Gangsang, Zuoqipu, and Glacier No. 1 at the headwaters of the Ürüqi River. The latitudes and longitudes of the collection locations, elevations and other information are marked in the data. The main indicators of the data are location, time, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC) content and flux. Location: latitude and longitude Time: year or date OC: organic carbon EC: elemental carbon BC: Black carbon Conc.: content, unit: ng g-1 Flux: flux, unit: mg m-2a-1 The data come from the following subjects. 1. National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)：Temporal and Spatial Characteristics and Remote Sensing Modeling of Global Change Sensitive Factors; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 2. National Key Basic Research Program: The Response of Formation and Evolution on the Tibetan Plateau to Global Changes and Adaptation Strategy; Person in charge: Tandong Yao; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 3. The General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China: High-resolution Carbon Black Recording in Snow Ice of the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 4. The General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China: Extraction of Climate and Environment Information from Ice Core Encapsulated Gas on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 5. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Snow and Ice-Atmospheric Chemistry and Environmental Changes on the Tibetan Plateau; Person in charge: Baiqing Xu; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). 6. National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars: Study on the Changes of Aerosol Emissions and Combustion in Human Activities in South Asia in the Past 100 Years; Person in charge: Mo Wang; Unit: Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). Observation methods: two-step heating method, thermal/optical carbon analysis method, and single-particle black carbon aerosol photometer.
XU Baiqing
The data includes natural remanence, thermal demagnetization and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of paleomagnetic samples in altash section in Southwest Tarim. The data is mainly used for magnetic stratigraphy in altash section. Combined with the results of isotopic dating, the chronological framework of altash section is established according to the records of geomagnetic polarity reversal in rocks or sediments and the comparison with standard polarity columns. From 2020 to 2021, members of the research group mainly used drilling rigs to drill paleomagnetic directional samples on the profile at an interval of 1 m (back to the laboratory to be processed into a 2 cm cylinder), and collected directional hand samples in individual areas (back to the laboratory to be processed into a 2 cm * 2 cm * 2 cm cube). The paleomagnetic experimental testing instrument includes two parts: 1 Rock superconducting magnetometer is used to measure the remanence and rock magnetic parameters of paleomagnetic samples; 2. Mfk kappa bridge is used to measure the magnetic susceptibility and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of geological samples. A total of 298 samples were selected at an interval of 10 m, of which 221 obtained stable remanence, with a success rate of 74%. According to the preliminary paleomagnetic results, the chronological framework of altash section in Southwest Tarim is established; After all the paleomagnetic results are tested, combined with the accurate isotopic age, the high-precision magnetic stratigraphic sequence in Southwest Tarim will be established.
ZHENG Hongbo
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